State of the Game report concludes English football dangerously exposed

• English football brings in over £9bn but IFR finds 94 per cent of clubs are loss making 
• Nearly two-thirds of EFL and National League clubs are technically insolvent and increasingly reliant on owners
• More than a quarter of clubs would be unable to survive more than 30 days if owners pulled funding

The IFR’s draft State of the Game report has concluded English football’s finances are dangerously exposed, with the majority of clubs living on the edge of financial disaster.

The report found that while interest and investment from around the world continues to grow, the underlying foundations of the pyramid are under intense strain and require urgent reform. 

According to the IFR’s research 94 per cent of clubs are loss-making, with long term security being put at risk through excessive short-term spending to keep up with rivals. 

This has led to a dangerous cocktail of rising debt and an over-reliance on owner funding, leaving clubs and their fans at risk.

IFR Chair David Kogan said:

"At the heart of English football’s success is a massive contradiction. While some of our clubs are among the richest and most competitive in the world, others are standing on the edge of financial disaster.   

"Skyrocketing revenues have been outpaced by costs which in turn have pushed up debt, loss-making and an over-reliance on owner funding. 

"A significant number of clubs have told us they would not survive if their owners walked away. This lack of resilience can no longer be ignored. 

"Anyone reading this report can be in no doubt about the need for intervention.”

The report sets out how English football has become the richest, best and most deeply competitive in the world, driven by the economic success of the Premier League. 

But, at the same time, it highlights a growing contradiction in the game, as the financial cliff-edges between and within leagues have grown significantly. The average Premier League club now earns more than eight times the average Championship side, the report found.

The existing system of parachute payments paid by the Premier League to Championship clubs relegated from the top division contributes to the incentives for Championship clubs to overspend. 

This in turn drives up player wage inflation, leading to those teams taking even bigger risks to chase the dream of a place in the Premier League.

Beyond player costs, the IFR report found that lower down the pyramid the pressure from operating costs was also on the rise, with 17 EFL and National League clubs incurring costs exceeding revenues. These clubs would be loss making even if they didn’t pay their players. 

The report found that more than 60 per cent of EFL and National League clubs are technically insolvent with their liabilities exceeding the book value of their assets.   

More than a quarter of clubs would be unable to survive for more than one month if owner funding was withdrawn, with the majority lacking a basic contingency plan to mitigate their risk.

Taken together the findings of the State of the Game report should serve as a wakeup call for English football.

As part of the report, the IFR is announcing today a six-point plan to address some of the issues it has identified and deliver on its mission to improve the financial sustainability of clubs and resilience of the whole of the pyramid in the long-term interests of fans.

The plan includes measures for clubs to improve how they manage financial risk, including holding more cash and putting robust contingency plans in place in case owner funding is withdrawn.

It also outlines how revenue distribution should be reformed to ease cliff-edges throughout the pyramid, urges action on rising losses and calls on clubs to show how they take fans’ views into account, and the steps they are taking to improve diversity and governance in the boardroom.  

Notes to Editors

• Draft State of the Game report and link to consultation can be found here.
• The State of the Game report consultation will remain open until December with the final report to be published in early 2027.
• The report has been compiled using evidence gathered using the IFR’s statutory powers directly from clubs and competition organisers and is subject to public consultation.